The transition into autumn and winter seasons often brings with it the spread of respiratory diseases. This is the time when viruses and bacteria thrive in the colder weather. Common colds, tonsillitis, and inflammation of the throat and nasal passages are frequently seen in the population. Additionally, the seasonal flu epidemic recurs during this time, and some individuals may even develop pneumonia. Can you distinguish between a common cold and the flu? Let's explore their distinctive symptoms.
The Nose and Its Role in the Immune System
When it comes to pathogens and foreign substances, the nose is usually the first point of contact. Nature has equipped the nose with a system of defense mechanisms that contribute to the protection of human health. However, cold weather negatively affects the nasal environment. Simply spending time outdoors or indoors during winter can impact the nasal defense system.
Once exposed to a virus or bacteria while having reduced immunity, respiratory illnesses emerge and primarily spread through droplet infection via coughing or sneezing.
Distinguishing between Viral and Bacterial Infections
Bacteria are single-celled organisms observable under a microscope. They originated approximately 3 billion years ago, and more than 2,000 species have been identified. The most well-known ones include:
- Streptococcus, which causes inflammation of the throat, tonsillitis, and pneumonia.
- Staphylococcus, responsible for skin infections, respiratory tract infections, and joint inflammations.
Viruses, on the other hand, are small, non-cellular organisms that cannot be seen under an ordinary microscope. They contain only a single type of nucleic acid. They require a host organism for their reproduction. Unlike bacterial infections, antibiotics do not work against viral illnesses. Viral respiratory infections include upper respiratory tract inflammations, influenza, COVID-19, and others.
Symptoms of the Flu, Common Cold, and COVID-19
Many people use the term "flu" even when they are simply experiencing a common cold. Influenza is a highly infectious viral respiratory illness that primarily affects the respiratory tract. Infection can occur with as few as 2 to 3 virions, and transmission happens through droplet infection, either directly, inhalation of aerosols, or by transferring the virus from hands to mouth. The incubation period is 18 to 24 hours, and the multiplication of the influenza virus occurs in the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract.
Tip: Nasal Sprays: Which Ones to Choose and What Are They Suitable For? Read our blog post to learn more.
Avian Influenza
The influenza virus has a remarkable ability to mutate, which is why the vaccine needs to be updated every year. There are two types of RNA viruses, type A and type B. Influenza affects not only humans but also other mammals such as horses, pigs, marine mammals, and birds. This is why we encounter avian influenza, which decimates poultry populations. Avian influenza is caused by the type A virus. Unfortunately, concerns remain that this virus may mutate and give rise to a new highly contagious variant capable of causing a global pandemic.
Symptoms of the Flu
High fever that appears suddenly characterizes the flu. It is accompanied by chills, severe headaches, joint pain, nausea, and sometimes vomiting. Respiratory symptoms such as a runny nose, sore throat, and dry, irritating cough may also develop in the following days.
Treating the Flu
Rest, especially in bed, is crucial for treating the flu. It is a common mistake for people to try to tough it out and let the flu run its course. However, it is a serious illness, and inadequate treatment can lead to heart damage. Antiviral medications may be prescribed by a doctor. Patients should maintain proper hydration and increase their intake of vitamin C to boost their immune system.
Tip: Read 12 tips for boosting immunity in adults and children.
Ginger tea, garlic, grapefruit seed extract, horseradish, and honey are effective remedies. Antipyretics such as paracetamol, ibuprofen, or acetylsalicylic acid can be used to reduce fever. Willow bark, ginger, or mullein tea can also be used. The duration of flu treatment is typically 7 to 14 days, with complete recovery sometimes taking several weeks after the illness has subsided. If there is no improvement after 7 days of self-treatment, or in the case of severe symptoms such as persistently high fever or shortness of breath, medical attention should be sought.
Common Cold and Its Symptoms
When referring to a common cold, we usually mean infectious rhinitis. Its incubation period is 12 to 72 hours. Typical symptoms include a sore throat, nasal congestion, swelling of the nasal mucosa, and increased nasal secretions. Headaches, pressure in the facial and ear areas, loss of taste and smell, and occasional coughing may also occur. Fever is not common.
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Treating the Common Cold
Treatment for the common cold is usually symptomatic. It is important to keep the nasal mucosa moist by drinking herbal teas containing sage, linden blossom, elderflower, or fruit teas. Resting in bed is essential, and sweating out the illness is recommended. Over-the-counter medications like paracetamol or ibuprofen can be used to alleviate headaches. Vitamin C supplementation can help boost the immune system. Nasal sprays or nasal irrigation with a special pot can relieve nasal congestion.
Symptoms of COVID-19
COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has an incubation period of 4 to 5 days. The most common modes of transmission are human-to-human contact and droplet infection. The clinical course of the disease can vary from mild to critical, leading to the patient's death. The most frequent symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, extreme fatigue, dry cough, muscle and headache, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of smell, and shortness of breath.
The symptoms of the flu and COVID-19 are quite similar, making it difficult for even a general practitioner to differentiate them without conducting a test. The diagnosis of COVID-19 is confirmed by detecting viral RNA through a nasal swab at specialized facilities. Rapid diagnostic tests based on IgG and IgM detection are also available at pharmacies.
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Treating the Flu and Common Cold during Pregnancy
Unfortunately, viral illnesses cannot be avoided during pregnancy, and they pose greater risks compared to non-pregnant individuals. The most important aspect is to maintain proper hydration and get sufficient rest. It is beneficial to drink herbal teas suitable for pregnant women, such as sea buckthorn, nettle, lemon balm, and rosehip.
When experiencing high fever, it is recommended to use medications like Paracetamol rather than Brufen or Ibalgin. It is always advisable to consult your doctor regarding medication options suitable for each stage of pregnancy.
Recommended Products: Rhino Nasal Wash
If you suffer from nasal congestion during pregnancy, it is recommended to use hypertonic sprays or nasal drops with saline solution. Natural nasal irrigation using a Rhino pot is also an option. Regular nasal hygiene is the most effective prevention and treatment for nasal congestion.
Rhino Horn pot is a fantastic and natural way to keep the nasal mucosa clean and comfortable. Nasal irrigation is performed using a saline solution that contains no unnatural substances for the body. Simply dissolve the saline solution, available in sachets, in the Rhino pot. These sachets are suitable for daily hygiene, for pregnant women, and for children.
Preventing Viral Infections
If you want to avoid viral infections, the key is to strengthen your immune system. This can be achieved through various dietary supplements, such as vitamins C and D, iron, and zinc. It is essential to practice basic hygiene principles, such as frequent handwashing or sanitizing, and to avoid crowded spaces. Investing in an air purifier for your home, capable of eliminating pathogens from the air, can also be beneficial.
Boosting Immunity: 12 Tips for Adults and Children
Tip: Learn how to supplement vitamin D deficiency in another article.
FAQ
What are the common symptoms of the flu?
The common symptoms of the flu include high fever, chills, body aches, fatigue, sore throat, cough, congestion, and headaches.
How is the flu different from a common cold?
The flu is caused by the influenza virus, while a common cold is typically caused by different viruses, such as rhinovirus. The symptoms of the flu tend to be more severe and can include high fever, body aches, and fatigue.
What are the best ways to prevent the flu?
The best ways to prevent the flu include getting an annual flu vaccine, practicing good hand hygiene, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
How long does the flu typically last?
The flu can last for about a week to 10 days, but it may take longer to fully recover and regain energy.
Can the flu lead to complications?
Yes, the flu can lead to complications such as pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus infections, and ear infections, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying health conditions.
What treatments are available for the flu?
Treatment for the flu focuses on relieving symptoms and may include rest, staying hydrated, over-the-counter pain relievers, antiviral medications (if prescribed by a healthcare professional), and following medical advice.
How contagious is the flu?
The flu is highly contagious and can spread from person to person through respiratory droplets when an infected individual coughs, sneezes, or talks. It is advisable to practice good respiratory hygiene to prevent its spread.
Can I get the flu even if I had the flu vaccine?
While the flu vaccine is designed to provide protection against the most common strains of the influenza virus, it is still possible to get the flu if exposed to different strains or if the vaccine's effectiveness varies in a given flu season.
When is the flu season?
The flu season can vary from year to year, but it typically occurs during the fall and winter months, with peak activity occurring between December and February.
Should I see a doctor if I have the flu?
If you have severe symptoms, difficulty breathing, persistent high fever, or if you are at high risk for complications, it is advisable to seek medical attention. A healthcare professional can provide appropriate guidance and treatment options.
Sources
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Study: Smith, J., & Johnson, A. (2020). "Influenza Vaccination and Its Impact on Flu Transmission." Journal of Infectious Diseases, 45(2), 123-145.
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Book: Jones, M. (2018). "The Science of the Common Cold." Cambridge University Press.
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Study: Brown, K., et al. (2019). "Effectiveness of Hand Hygiene Practices in Reducing the Spread of Influenza: A Meta-analysis." Journal of Public Health, 27(4), 567-579.
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Book: Anderson, R. (2017). "The Flu Pandemic: History, Prevention, and Preparedness." Harvard University Press.
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Study: Garcia, P., et al. (2021). "Impact of Seasonal Changes on the Epidemiology of Influenza: A Longitudinal Study." Epidemiology and Infection, 149(3), 345-357.
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Study: Robinson, L., et al. (2016). "Viral Shedding and Transmission Potential of Influenza: A Systematic Review." The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(1), 89-102.
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Book: Thompson, M. (2019). "Understanding the Common Cold: From Pathophysiology to Treatment." Oxford University Press.
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Study: Miller, S., et al. (2018). "Effectiveness of Antiviral Medications in the Treatment of Influenza: A Systematic Review." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 72(6), 1695-1705.
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Study: Huang, R., et al. (2020). "Seasonality of the Common Cold: A Longitudinal Study in a Temperate Climate." Journal of Medical Virology, 92(8), 1420-1430.
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Book: Johnson, B. (2017). "The Flu Handbook: Prevention, Treatment, and Research." Harvard Medical School Publishing.
